Bupropion Formulations & Dosing: IR vs. SR vs. XL – Which to Choose? By Oliver Freudenreich, MD  | Medically reviewed by Graham Thornicroft, MBBS, PhD, FRCPsych  | Last updated:7 May 2025 Bupropion Release-Profile Basics: IR vs SR vs XL Bupropion is available in three primary formulations - immediate-release (IR), sustained-release (SR), and extended-release (XL). Each formulation has a distinct…

Bupropion Mechanism of Action Why Bupropion Targets Dopamine & Norepinephrine in Depression Major depressive disorder is associated with dysregulation of monoaminergic systems, including dopamine and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitters play central roles in reward processing, energy, motivation, and executive function. Bupropion directly affects these systems, making it unique among antidepressants. Unlike serotonergic agents, Bupropion offers symptom…

Bupropion (IR/SR/XL): Complete Pharmacology & Evidence-Based Guide [2025] Overview & History Bupropion was initially approved by the FDA in 1985 for treating major depressive disorder (MDD) under the brand name Wellbutrin®. Shortly after its launch, it was temporarily withdrawn from the market in 1986 due to seizure risk concerns identified at higher doses. Following adjustments…

Abilify Mechanism of Action: Dopamine-Serotonin Modulation Explained Abilify Drug Class and Pharmacodynamic Profile Abilify (aripiprazole) is classified as an atypical antipsychotic and is often described as a dopamine-serotonin system stabilizerStahl 2021. The abilify drug class is distinguished by its unique pharmacodynamic profile, which includes partial agonism at dopamine D2 and D3 receptors, as well as…

Safety, Tolerability, Drug-Drug Interactions & Special Population Use of Escitalopram John Smith, Jane Doe, Sarah Wilson Abstract This article provides a comprehensive review of the safety, tolerability, drug-drug interactions, and special population use of escitalopram. The purpose is to offer a one-stop scientific source for clinicians and patients regarding common side effects, the risk of…

Generic Prozac (Fluoxetine) Overview Fluoxetine, commonly known by the brand name Prozac, is an antidepressant that falls under the category of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). It is widely prescribed for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), bulimia nervosa, and severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS). This article provides an updated and accurate guide on the…